SoilMatrix Newsletter No. 17

The Wisdom of Agricultural Co-Composting of Biochar and Animal Manure

The topic of co-composting animal manures with biochar has risen in importance since about 2010 with the publication of an increasing number of research papers on this topic, including an astounding research discovery at the Canadian Light Source facility in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.  This research demonstrated the way in which organic materials physically coat the surfaces of biochar particles over a period of time during co-composting of biomass with biochar ².

Land application of compost is an age-old agricultural method of returning nutrients to soils.  However, compost additions to soils can result in substantial emissions of greenhouse gas, especially N₂O, which needs to be controlled during making and using compost containing high N-loads, such as chicken manure.  Some farmers in some countries are now pursuing the option of adding granulated biochar to animal bedding for the co-benefits of improving animal health and enhancing the eventual composting value of this material.  The eventual applications of co-composted biochar-manure mixtures is demonstrating benefits for soils and plants.

We already know that biochar blended with finished compost makes a great soil amendment to promote healthy plant growth.  All you need to do is run a Google search to find a vast amount of information on this.  However, why add biochar to animal bedding material destined for manure compost production?

What we already know about biochar’s nutrient holding and moisture retention capabilities along with its ability to stimulate microbiological populations of beneficial bacteria and fungi when amended into soils, leads to the possibility for these added benefits for co-composting with other organic materials.  Significant numbers of research projects have been underway and are continuing with positive biochar-manure co-composting benefits being substantiated.  These benefits include:

1. Shorter composting time requirements ¹
2. Absorbs leachate generated during the composting process ^2, 3
3. Absorbs nutrients in the leachate and in the organic matter of the compost
4. Retains moisture during the composting process
5. Reduced N₂O emissions ^4, 5 6, 
6. Reduced CH₄ emissions
7. Reduced NH₃ emissions
8. Provides a bulking agent
9. Reduces odor
10. Increases Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC) ⁵
11. Minimal degradation of the carbon material is observed, rendering it an effective means of carbon sequestration ⁵
12. Surfaces of biochar particles become coated with organic material resulting in significant plant available nutrients ^2, 3

Although these benefits have been demonstrated by small plot tests and field trials, in some cases, much more field experimentation and demonstration will be needed.  AirTerra is seeking to work with experimental farmers to supply the necessary high-quality biochar to fully verify these findings.  We are anticipating a revolution in regenerative farming as a result of these early (or late depending on how you see it) explorations of what we and others are calling “Carbon Farming”.

References:

1. Ted Talk on biochar-manure co-composting   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4GgHEPA3Yc
2. Nikolas Hagemann, Stephen Joseph, Hans-Peter Schmidt, et al, “Organic coating on biochar explains its nutrient retention and stimulation of soil fertility”, Nature Communications, October, 2017, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01123-0.pdf?origin=ppub
3. Canadian Light Source, “Scientists discover why biochar fertilizers work so well”, http://www.lightsource.ca/news/details/scientists_discover_why_biochar_fertilizers_work_so_well.html
4. Claudia Kammann, et al, “Biochar as a tool to reduce the agricultural greenhouse-gas burden – knowns, unknowns and future research needs”, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management,  Published on June 28, 2017 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3846/16486897.2017.1319375?needAccess=true
5. Katharina Prost, “Biochar Co-Composting with Farmyard Manure”, Journal of Environmental Quality, February 13, 2012 https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/45651957/Biochar_Affected_by_Composting_with_Farm20160515-10629-18emll4.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DBiochar_Affected_by_Composting_with_Farm.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20191201%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20191201T225005Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=525d4c6a56064313ed71ffb77bf1099c164b492d9c1e172bab6738b10b1c4033
6. Yinghong Yuan, et al, “Is Biochar-manure co-compost a better solution for soil health improvement and N₂O emissions mitigation?”, EPA, 2017  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5920545/

SoilMatrixNewsletter No. 11

November, 2017

SoilMatrix Newsletter No. 7

July, 2017

It’s mid-summer, so let’s enjoy it while it lasts.

This is how the SoilMatrix Garden looked on Thursday, July 27, 2017.

The romaine at the front corner is being consumed (by us). It is also being invaded by the zucchini (must remember not to plant so much of it next year).   Once again, this garden is receiving no chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides and as little city of Calgary water as possible. We are attempting to bring the soil health up to a level where all of these inputs are happening below ground level via our soil life food web friends.

In this newsletter we will provide a few links to research that indicates the various benefits of biochar soil amendments. I spent some time compiling these for your learning so you can read for yourself how biochar amendments make a difference to your flower and/or vegetable garden.

The concept of using biochar as a plant growth enhancing soil amendment didn’t really enter public awareness until the fall of 2008.   It was previously mostly an academic curiosity that was gaining attention in universities around the globe. Research has since expanded rapidly and today almost every university in every city has some form of biochar research taking place. Most of the papers written about biochar in these academic arenas are steeped in highly scientific language and, as such, are less accessible to the public. An exception to this is a well-researched book by Dr. Paul Taylor, which was written in 2010. A link to the book’s website is provided here:

http://www.thebiocharrevolution.com

where you will find free downloads of Chapter 1 as well as a recently written free download by Dr. Paul Taylor.

One of the co-authors of this book is a good friend and colleague of mine, Dr. Hugh McLauglin. Hugh wrote Chapter 7 “How Biochar Helps Soils”. One of the most informative compilations of the benefits, possible negatives, and unknowns of biochar in soils is referenced in this chapter:

“Biochar Application to Soils – A Critical Scientific Review of Effects on Soil Properties, Processes and Functions.” Report of the EU Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environmental Sustainability. Read more here:

http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC55799/jrc_biochar_soils.pdf

To keep this Newsletter brief, I have summarized here the list of biochar’s possible benefits, disadvantages, and some unknowns that require further research:

Benefits

1. Biochar is a natural soil ingredient, which is found in soils in most parts of the world.
2. The principle of improving soils with biochar has been tried successfully in many places over thousands of years.
3. Plant production has been found to increase significantly after biochar additions to soils. In some cases negative effects have also been reported… see these in the “disadvantages” below.
4. Biochar produces a “liming effect” to balance acidic soil towards a neutral pH.
5. Biochar has an affinity for adsorbing contaminants and keeping them out of harm’s way for plants.
6. Microbial habitat improvement and protection is offered by biochar’s presence.
7. Moisture and nutrient retention improvements are evident as a result of biochar’s ability to both absorb moisture and adsorb nutrients and retain them longer.
8. Increases in mycorrhizal fungi abundance is observed – these are fungi that are linked to plant productivity.
9. Increases in earthworm abundance are observed.

Negatives

1. The use of biochar is well documented for only a few geographical locations. Much more research is needed to fully understand its benefits or disadvantages in soils around the globe.
2. Soil loss by erosion can be an issue when top dressing biochar to soils. This occurs by wind and/or water transport of small, light biochar particles.  Proper incorporation into a soil blend is necessary.
3. Risk of contamination of biochar exists (PAHs, heavy metals, dioxins) when contaminated feedstocks are used and/or the process conditions used to make the biochar are such that temperatures are greater than 500 C are used.
4. Residue removal for use as a feedstock for biochar production could result in reduced incorporation of crop residues into soils and potentially lead to negative effects on soils. This would be the case if farmers were to use all of the straw produced in a field to make biochar, for example.
5. Extremely high rates of biochar application could have negative effects on earthworm survival rates; however this would be in cases where application rates are greater than 67 kilograms per square meter of land – an impractical level of biochar application.

Unknowns

1. Emperical evidence is extremely scarce (at this time) for many modern biochars in soils under modern arable management.
2. The ability to sequester carbon in soils amended with biochar is still largely unquantified and requires further research.
3. Biochar’s effects on the nitrogen cycle depend on many factors which have not yet been fully explored.
4. Biochar benefits may be crop and soil dependent, which may be an issue given the irreversibility of biochar once applied to the soil.
5. Distribution and availability of contaminants that are adsorbed by biochar (heavy metals, PAHs) require further research to assess the rate of bioavailability and toxicity of the contaminant depending on the biochar type, application rates, feedstock, production conditions, soil types, and environmental conditions.
6. More research is needed to fully map the life cycles of biochar’s effects on soil organic matter.
7. Issues of pore size and connectivity and the optimum particle sizes for biochar that is amended for soil enhancement still requires research.
8. Soil water retention and availability requires further research for variations in soil type.
9. Effects on larger soil organisms – such as contact of skin with biochar in soil for larger organisms.   This is still in the early days of research.
10. Hydrophobicity of biochar in soils remains largely untested.
11. Rate of decomposition of biochar as a function of agricultural management requires further research.
12. There is a good potential that biochar can improve “Cationic Exchange Capacity” of soil – a facilitator of nutrient uptake by plants.   However, the effectiveness and duration of this effect after addition to soils remains poorly understood and requires long term experimentation.

Given these point form benefits, negatives, and unknowns, there seems to be much more in the “unknown” category, which is the reason for the huge interest in this topic at leading research institutions around the globe.   Much more will be discovered about biochar in the coming years. It could makes for an exciting career for budding agronomists, biologists, and soil scientists.

We hope to keep you informed as the results from all this research becomes available.

Thank you for your interest in this topic. We will see you again at the end of August.

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